Despite all the exploration and samples of the seas taken from the sea floor over the past hundred years, humans still know very little about the deepest ocean arrival. There are good reasons to learn more.
Most tsunami begins earthquakes under or near the ocean floor. The sea floor provides habitats for fish, coral reefs, and complex societies of microbes, crustaceans and other organisms. The terrain controls the currents that distribute heat, which helps to regulate the Earth’s climate.
Mary Thabar, born in 1920, was a geological world and a designer in the oceans, created maps that changed the way people imagined two -thirds of the world. Starting in 1957, Tharp and its research partner, Bruce Heezen, began spreading the first comprehensive maps that showed the main features of the mountains at the bottom of the ocean – valleys and trenches.
As a geologist, I think Tharp should be famous like Jin -Guodal or Neil Armstrong. This is the reason.
Passing the Atlantic Ocean
In the fifties of the last century, many scientists assumed that the sea floor was unique. Tharp showed that it contains rugged terrain, and that many of them were developed in a systematic way.
Its pictures were decisive to develop the tectonic theory of the painting – the idea that the paintings, or large sections of the Earth’s crust interact to generate seismic and volcanic activity of the planet. The researchers noticed earlier – especially Alfred Wegener – the extent of coasts in Africa and South America together and suggested that the continents be linked one day; The THARP Mountains and Rift Valley in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean where the two continents could have been dismantled.
Thanks to the hand -drawn deportations at the THARP at the ocean floor, I can imagine walking across the Atlantic Ocean floor from New York City to Lisbon. The journey will take me along the continental shelf. Then to the bottom of the arrow of Sahla. You need to roam the mountains under the water, called seamouts. Then I start a slow climbing in the hill chain in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, which is a mountain range from the north and the south.
After ascending to 8200 feet (2500 meters) below the sea level to the peak of the hills, I was downloading several hundreds of feet, crossing the central rift valley in Ridge and following the eastern edge in Ridge. Then I went back to the ocean floor, until I started on a trip to the European continental slope to Lisbon. Total walking will be about 3800 miles (6000 km) – nearly twice the length of the Apalashian path.
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He was born in YPSIilanti, Michigan, Tharp studied English and music in college. But then in 1943, she joined the Master’s degree program at the University of Michigan designed to train women, provided that they were petroleum geology during World War II. “Girls were needed to fill the jobs left open because the men were out of the fighting,” Remember at a later time.
After working for an oil company in Oklahoma, Tharp sought the geology function at Columbia University in 1948. Women were unable to go to the search ships, but Tharp could have been formulated, and he was appointed to help male graduate students.
Tharp worked with Bruce Heezen, a graduate student who gave her sea floor profiles to formulate. These are long paper rolls that show the depth of the sea floor along a linear path, measured by a ship using the sonar.
Starting with a large blank sheet of paper, Tharp features long length and width lines. Then it was carefully distinguished as the ship traveled. After that, I read the depth in each location off the sonar file, put a mark on the ship’s path and create its intensive profile, indicating the depth of the ocean bottom against the distance that the ship traveled.
One of her important innovations was to create drawings depicting how the sea floor would look like. These scenes made it easy to imagine the terrain at the ocean floor and create a physiological map.
The accurate conspiracy of Tharp revealed six features from east to west across the North Atlantic Ocean of something that no one has previously described: a slit in the center of the ocean, on a large scale and hundreds of feet. Tharp suggested that it was the rift valley – a kind of long basin that was known on the ground.
Hezen described this idea “The Hadith of the Girl” and told Thabir to re -calculate and rederaft. When I did, the rift valley was still there.
Another researcher was to plan the earthquake sites on a map of the same size and size. Compared to the maps, Heezen and Tharp realized that the earthquake center fell inside the rift valley. This discovery was very important to develop the tectonic theory of the painting: suggested that the movement was taking place in the valley of the rift, and that the continents might already drifted.
This insight was revolutionary. When Heezen, as a newly recently new PhD at Princetus in 1957 and showed the Valley Rift and Epicunters, Harry Hess, head of the Geology Department, replied, “It has shook the foundations of geology.”
Tectonic resistance
In 1959, the American Geological Association published “I. The North Atlantic” by Hezen, Tharp and “DOC” Ewing, Lamont Observatory Director, where they worked. It contained ocean profiles in Tharp, ideas and access to physical Thaarp maps.
Some scientists believed that the work was great, but most of them did not believe it. The French lower explorer Jacques Costo is designed to demonstrate a revolutionary error. Sailing on its research ship, CAYPSO, crossed the Atlantic Hills and lowering an underwater film camera. To surprise Costo, the film showed that the rift valley exists.
“There is a fact for the old clichés that the image deserves a thousand words and that the vision believes,” Thaarb noted in an article retroactively in 1999.
What can create the rift? HESS Princeton suggested some ideas in the 1962 paper. Suppose the hot magma rose from inside the ground at rift, expanded it while cooling and pushing two adjacent panels more. This idea was a major contribution to the tectonic theory of the painting, but Hess failed to refer to the decisive work presented in “Ocean Floods”-one of the few publications that included Thaarp as a co-author.
Mary Thabar in July 2001. Bruce Gilbert, Lamont Duhret Earth Observatory
The wiping is still
Tharp continued to work with Heeezen to make the ocean floor to life. Their cooperation included the Indian Ocean map, published by the National Geographic in 1967, and the 1977 World Ocean map, which is now held in the Congress Library.
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After Hizine died in 1977, Thabar continued her work until her death in 2006. In October 1978, she was awarded Hezen (after her death) and the Hopard medal, the highest honor for the National Geographical Society, and joined the ranks of explorers and explorers such as Ernest Shajliton, Louis, Jane Layy and Jin.
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Ships today use a method called mapping, which measures depth on a ribbon -like path instead of one line. The tapes can be sewn together to create an accurate map of the sea.
Leave. Details of the Canary Islands from the Mary Tharb physical map of the North Atlantic Ocean. right. Photography of modern maps drawing for the same region. The colors indicate the depth. Vicky Ferini, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
But since the ships are moving slowly, it will take one ship 200 years to set the sea floor completely. An international effort to set the bottom of the entire ocean in detail by 2030, using multiple ships, led by the Nippon Foundation and the general depths plan for the oceans.
This information is crucial to start understanding the shape of the sea floor across the neighborhood. Mary Thabar was the first person to show the rich terrain of the ocean floor and its various guests.
This article is republished from the conversation, an independent, non -profit newsletter that brings you the facts and confidence -worth analyzes to help you understand our complex world. Written by: Suzan O’Connell, Weslian University
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Suzanne Oconnell does not work with shares or consult them in or receive funding from any company or institution that will benefit from this article, and has not revealed any related affiliations that exceed its academic appointment.
